{"id":6486,"date":"2023-12-30T15:38:59","date_gmt":"2023-12-30T15:38:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mundusmaris.org\/non-classifiee\/la-science-et-son-utilisation-dans-un-monde-en-mutation\/"},"modified":"2024-10-30T12:23:00","modified_gmt":"2024-10-30T12:23:00","slug":"la-science-et-son-utilisation-dans-un-monde-en-mutation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mundusmaris.org\/fr\/activites\/la-science-et-son-utilisation-dans-un-monde-en-mutation\/","title":{"rendered":"La science et son utilisation dans un monde en mutation"},"content":{"rendered":"

C<\/span>e 27 octobre, Cornelia E. Nauen, biologiste sp\u00e9cialiste de la p<\/span>\u00eache, s’est rendue sur invitation\u00a0<\/span>\u00e0\u00a0l’universit<\/span>\u00e9 de Leyde (LU) pour pr\u00e9<\/span>senter\u00a0\u00e0 l\u2019assistance<\/span>\u00a0du\u00a0<\/span>7e colloque sur les humanit\u00e9s environnementales<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>son travail a<\/span>u sein de<\/span>\u00a0Mundus maris<\/em>\u00a0– Sciences et Arts pour la Durabilit\u00e9, l’organisation non gouvernementale qu’elle a co<\/span>–<\/span>fond\u00e9e en 2010 et qui promeut la restauration, la conservation et l’utilisation durable des \u00e9<\/span>cosyst<\/span>\u00e8<\/span>mes aquatiques, ainsi que le respect et le soutien des p<\/span>\u00eacheurs artisanaux et de leurs cultures traditionnelles.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dans une pr\u00e9sentation \u00e9loquente, Cornelia Nauen a soulev\u00e9 le probl<\/span>\u00e8<\/span>me du d\u00e9calage entre les r\u00e9sultats scientifiques et leur impact sur la politique et la soci\u00e9<\/span>t\u00e9, en particulier en ce qui concerne les crises actuelles du climat et de la biodiversit\u00e9<\/span>. M\u00eame si les scientifiques d\u00e9noncent les cons\u00e9quences du changement climatique anthropique et de la surexploitation des ressources en apportant des preuves empiriques, leurs appels au changement restent souvent lettre morte. Par ailleurs, si des solutions sont propos\u00e9es, elles\u00a0<\/span>s\u2019appuient<\/span>\u00a0souvent sur\u00a0<\/span>de<\/span>\u00a0nouvelles technologies implicites sans les mettre en \u0153uvre de mani<\/span>\u00e8<\/span>re \u00e0\u00a0s’attaquer efficacement aux probl<\/span>\u00e8<\/span>mes qu’elles sont cens\u00e9es r\u00e9soudre.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

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M\u00eame si des r\u00e9ponses technologiques sont n\u00e9cessaires de toute urgence, elles ne suffisent pas\u00a0<\/span>d\u2019autant que\u00a0<\/span>les effets des\u00a0<\/span>\u00ab<\/span>technologies vertes<\/span>\u00bb\u00a0<\/span>p<\/span>euvent \u00e9galement\u00a0<\/span>\u00eatre destructeurs :\u00a0<\/span>\u00ab<\/span>Aucune des solutions techniques que nous avons d\u00e9velopp\u00e9es au cours des 50 derni<\/span>\u00e8<\/span>res ann\u00e9es n’a permis de r\u00e9duire efficacement la consommation de mat\u00e9riaux et d’\u00e9<\/span>nergie – au lieu de cela, nous consommons toujours plus.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>T<\/span>out ce que nous gagnons en efficacit\u00e9 est ensuite perdu car davantage de personnes l’utilisent et il est mis en \u0153uvre \u00e0 plus grande \u00e9chelle. […]\u00a0<\/span>Qu<\/span>\u2019arrive<\/span>rait-il si nous construisions 800 millions de voitures \u00e9lectriques ?<\/span>\u00bb<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>

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La recherche de solutions\u00a0<\/span>\u00e0\u00a0la crise climatique,\u00a0<\/span>\u00e0\u00a0la d<\/span>\u00e9gradation des \u00e9<\/span>cosyst<\/span>\u00e8<\/span>mes,\u00a0<\/span>\u00e0\u00a0la pauvret\u00e9 humaine et\u00a0<\/span>\u00e0\u00a0l’in<\/span>\u00e9galit\u00e9 se fait souvent\u00a0<\/span>\u00e0\u00a0des niveaux o<\/span>\u00f9\u00a0<\/span>la perspective d<\/span>e la<\/span>\u00a0\u00ab\u00a0<\/span>base<\/span>\u00a0\u00bb est\u00a0<\/span>n\u00e9glig\u00e9e<\/span>. Les trait\u00e9<\/span>s mondiaux sur l’utilisation des ressources et la protection de la biodiversit<\/span>\u00e9 sont importants, mais on ne sait pas toujours s’ils sont r\u00e9ellement mis en \u0153uvre, ni comment ils le sont, ni quel est leur impact r\u00e9el sur les communaut\u00e9s locales. Un exemple est l’existence de ce que l’on appelle les\u00a0<\/span>\u00ab<\/span>parcs de papier<\/span>\u00bb<\/span>\u00a0: des zones marines l\u00e9galement prot\u00e9<\/span>g\u00e9es o<\/span>\u00f9\u00a0<\/span>l’exploitation nuisible est officiellement interdite mais o<\/span>\u00f9 la p<\/span>\u00eache se poursuit en raison de l’absence de contr<\/span>\u00f4le et d’application de la loi. Un autre exemple est celui des initiatives d’aide au d\u00e9veloppement bien intentionn\u00e9es qui perp\u00e9tuent souvent d’anciens mod<\/span>\u00e8<\/span>les coloniaux d’in\u00e9galit\u00e9 et n’ont pas grand-chose\u00a0<\/span>\u00e0\u00a0offrir aux personnes qu’elles pr\u00e9tendent aider. Dans le m<\/span>\u00eame temps, les modes de production alimentaire locaux et traditionnels sont soumis\u00a0<\/span>\u00e0\u00a0une pression concurrentielle croissante. C’est le cas, par exemple, de la p<\/span>\u00eache\u00a0<\/span>artisanale<\/span>,\u00a0pourtant<\/span>\u00a0beaucoup plus durable que les alternatives industrielles, mais qui est concurrenc\u00e9e par des flottes industrielles fortement subventionn\u00e9es, provenant principalement de ce que l’on peut consid\u00e9rer comme le Nord global, y compris la Chine.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>

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A more promising approach is to focus on strengthening the capacities for individual and collective action of people denied opportunities to support their aspirations for a better life. Their ambitions tend to be oriented towards meeting basic needs of work, food, shelter and access to health care and education, in line with several of the Sustainable Development Goals. Efforts to support such scales of lifestyles and production modes have the potential to provide more sustainable alternatives to current waste and overexploitation generated by an unlimited growth model on a finite planet. Inspired by this idea, Nauen, her collaborators at Mundus maris and men and women in artisanal fisheries founded the Small-Scale Fisheries Academy<\/a> in Senegal.<\/p>\n<\/div>

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Nabia Ngom explique la vision d'une vie d\u00e9cente pour son groupe de micro-p\u00eacheurs pendant l'un des ateliers de l'Acad\u00e9mie \u00e0 Yoff (Photo : Aliou Sall)<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

The Academy intends to lend operational support to implement the Voluntary Guidelines<\/a> for Securing Sustainable Small-Scale Fisheries. It supports the change journeys of learners by facilitating the development of their tailor-made business strategies in a changing ecological and economic environment and by encouraging cooperation along value chains and in better advocacy of their legitimate demands. Initiatives like the Small Scale Fisheries Academy use facilitated dialogue and deliberations between of different stakeholders, people with different professions in and around the fisheries, scientists, administrators and civil society supporters. Blending the different forms of knowledge and experience helps to advance towards locally adapted solutions to the problems Academy learners have identified. Every step on the change journey is expressed in drawings so as to be inclusive to people not having spent much time in the formal education system. Drawings are highly conceptual. Oral exchanges are mostly in the local language, here Wolof, to put people at ease and ensure inclusive learning.<\/p>\n<\/div>

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Mundus maris\u00a0<\/span><\/em>cherche\u00a0<\/span>\u00e0\u00a0faciliter l’acc\u00e8<\/span>s aux r\u00e9sultats des recherches pertinentes afin d’enrichir la r\u00e9flexion et la planification. Les reconstitutions de captures de l’initiative\u00a0Sea Around Us\u00a0<\/a><\/span>\u00e0\u00a0Vancouver, au Canada, en sont un bon exemple. Elles permettent d’am\u00e9liorer les statistiques nationales, qui couvrent souvent mal le<\/span>s<\/span>\u00a0p\u00eache<\/span>s<\/span>\u00a0artisanales et de subsistance. Une grande partie des captures, y compris les rejets en mer par les navires industriels ou les captures r\u00e9<\/span>cr\u00e9atives – parfois plus de 50 % – n’est donc pas d\u00e9<\/span>clar<\/span>\u00e9e et n’appara<\/span>\u00eet pas dans les statistiques\u00a0<\/span>compil\u00e9es<\/span>\u00a0au niveau mondial par l’Organisation des Nations unies pour l’alimentation et l’agriculture (FAO) sur la base des registres nationaux. Comme le montrent les chiffres de Sea Around Us pour le S\u00e9<\/span>n\u00e9gal, les p<\/span>\u00eacheries locales et artisanales subissent une forte pression de la part des flottes industrielles, tandis que la productivit\u00e9 continue de diminuer depuis la fin des ann\u00e9es 1990. Selon Mme. Nauen, les vraies solutions requi<\/span>\u00e8<\/span>rent des approches diff\u00e9rentes et doivent explorer les possibilit\u00e9s de redimensionnement et de r\u00e9duction des activit\u00e9s qui exacerbent les crises actuelles. Si bon nombre des solutions pr\u00e9<\/span>sent\u00e9es sont bien intentionn\u00e9es, elles suivent la m<\/span>\u00eame logique que les m\u00e9canismes\u00a0<\/span>\u00e0\u00a0l’origine des probl<\/span>\u00e8<\/span>mes qu’elles tentent de r\u00e9soudre : une logique de mise\u00a0<\/span>\u00e0\u00a0l’\u00e9chelle, d’expansion des capacit\u00e9s et de poursuite de la croissance.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>

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L’un des probl<\/span>\u00e8<\/span>mes les plus aigus dans ce contexte est la persistance des subventions accord\u00e9es principalement aux navires industriels et aux flottes hauturi<\/span>\u00e8<\/span>res qui maintiennent un syst<\/span>\u00e8<\/span>me qui, autrement, ne serait plus commercialement viable. Les pays d’Europe, d’Am\u00e9rique du Nord et d’Asie de l’Est investissent environ 20 milli<\/span>ard<\/span>s de dollars par an, dont 85 % vont aux navires industriels (1). C’est l<\/span>\u00e0\u00a0que les citoyens, et pas seulement ceux des pays du Nord, peuvent apporter un r\u00e9el changement : en faisant pression sur leurs gouvernements pour qu’ils mettent fin aux subventions\u00a0<\/span>\u00e0\u00a0la p<\/span>\u00eache, une solution qui permettrait aux \u00e9<\/span>cosyst<\/span>\u00e8<\/span>mes de se reconstituer et qui aboutirait m<\/span>\u00eame \u00e0\u00a0une p<\/span>\u00eache plus durable si l<\/span>a<\/span>\u00a0p\u00eacher artisanale\u00a0<\/span>\u00e9tait majoritaire<\/span>. C’est pourquoi\u00a0Mundus maris<\/em>, au sein d’une large coalition d’organisations de la soci\u00e9<\/span>t\u00e9 civile, fait campagne pour que l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) respecte son mandat de longue date,\u00a0<\/span>\u00e0\u00a0savoir cesser de financer la surp<\/span>\u00eache au moyen de subventions pr\u00e9judiciables. En effet, quelque chose commence\u00a0<\/span>\u00e0\u00a0bouger dans la bonne direction.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>

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Again, the disconnect between scientific insights and societal and political constraints and opposing interests remains a problem: as Nauen argued, science alone cannot tackle this problem but it can inform debates and negotiations at different levels. Developing good story lines that make the scientific results accessible, inspire art forms and exchange, and research questions brought up by disadvantaged groups to enable inclusive deliberations, all play an important role in raising awareness for the great ecological and social questions of our time. The sciences and the humanities need to join forces and strengthen collaborative efforts, including with practitioners, to enable visions for futures that allows experimenting with alternatives to current destructive practices. Instead of accepting that living resources become scarcer collaborations should aim at celebrating life and expand the living sphere again, not the least for better public health, overcoming poverty and food insecurity of many people, even in the rich countries in the Global North. The slides of the talk are\u00a0available here<\/a>\u00a0for easy consultation.<\/span><\/p>\n

This message resonated with the audience which mainly consisted of students and researchers from both the humanities and the natural sciences. Bringing these two fields together and exploring their collaborative potential to engage with the current crises in meaningful ways is one of the main goals of the Environmental Humanities LU initiative and Cornelia Nauen\u2019s talk was one of the highlights of the group\u2019s lecture series.\u00a0Watch it again<\/a>\u00a0on the YouTube channel of\u00a0Mundus maris<\/em>.
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Text by Johannes M\u00fcller, Leiden University, The Netherlands.
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(1) Sumaila, U.R., Ebrahim, N., Schuhbauer, A. et al., 2019. Updated estimates and analysis of global fisheries subsidies.\u00a0Marine Policy<\/em>, 109, 103695,\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpol.2019.103695.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2336,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[57,176],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6486","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-activites","category-protection-de-locean-et-du-climat"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mundusmaris.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6486","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mundusmaris.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mundusmaris.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mundusmaris.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mundusmaris.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6486"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/www.mundusmaris.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6486\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12340,"href":"https:\/\/www.mundusmaris.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6486\/revisions\/12340"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mundusmaris.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2336"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mundusmaris.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6486"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mundusmaris.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6486"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mundusmaris.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6486"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}