{"id":6201,"date":"2015-04-02T08:11:12","date_gmt":"2015-04-02T08:11:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mundusmaris.org\/non-classifiee\/khazan-la-gestion-traditionnelle-des-zones-cotieres-a-goa-en-inde\/"},"modified":"2024-11-12T12:35:57","modified_gmt":"2024-11-12T12:35:57","slug":"khazan-la-gestion-traditionnelle-des-zones-cotieres-a-goa-en-inde","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mundusmaris.org\/fr\/locean-nous-nourrit\/khazan-la-gestion-traditionnelle-des-zones-cotieres-a-goa-en-inde\/","title":{"rendered":"Khazan – La gestion traditionnelle des zones c\u00f4ti\u00e8res \u00e0 Goa, en Inde"},"content":{"rendered":"

par Sangeeta Sonak<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Les khazans sont des zones humides c\u00f4ti\u00e8res de Goa. Ils ont \u00e9t\u00e9 gagn\u00e9s sur la mangrove, probablement dans l\u2019\u00e8re pr\u00e9-chr\u00e9tienne par un syst\u00e8me complexe de digues, de vannes et de canaux et mis \u00e0 de multiples usages productifs comme l’agriculture, l’aquaculture et les marais salants.<\/p>\n

La plus ancienne documentation sur les khazan remonte au VI\u00e8me si\u00e8cle apr\u00e8s J-C, sous la forme d’une offrande d’un khazan par un roi sur un plateau de bronze. L’\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me des khazan est un syst\u00e8me int\u00e9gr\u00e9, avec un accent particulier mis sur l’agriculture. Les frais d’entretien \u00e9taient assur\u00e9es par location de droits de culture et de p\u00eache.<\/p>\n

Cependant, avec les changements dans l’\u00e9conomie et le march\u00e9 global, l’aquaculture est d\u00e9sormais devenue la principale activit\u00e9 de khazans. Certains des khazans ne sont plus utilis\u00e9s que pour l’aquaculture maintenant et restent incultiv\u00e9s autrement, mais certains sont encore utilis\u00e9s comme champs de riz lors des moussons. Toutes les photos prises par l’auteur.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

<\/span>
L'\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me du khazan<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

La technologie traditionnelle du khazan prot\u00e8ge les terres agricoles et les villages de l’intrusion de la salinit\u00e9, des crues importantes et des inondations.<\/p>\n

Les digues des khazans sont construits \u00e0 partir de la boue provenant des champs. Les murs ext\u00e9rieurs ou les digues protectrices sont tr\u00e8s \u00e9pais pour r\u00e9sister au courant de l’eau des rivi\u00e8res.<\/p>\n

Une tranch\u00e9e (chanoy<\/em>) est construite entre les deux parois de la digue de protection et est remplie avec de l’argile provenant des champs, qui sert de ciment.<\/p>\n

La digue est couverte d’une couche d’argile et de boue des champs, appel\u00e9e\u00a0tharcupto.\u00a0<\/em>Les digues protectrices sont interrompues par l’installation de vannes qui relient un r\u00e9servoir int\u00e9rieur \u00e0 l’estuaire.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

<\/span>
Vue rapproch\u00e9e d'une terre khazan<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Les vannes r\u00e9glementent le flux de l’eau permettant une quantit\u00e9s d’eau suffisante d’atteindre les champs. Les volets des vannes se ferment automatiquement lors de la mar\u00e9e haute permettant qu’une partie de l’eau d\u2019acc\u00e9der \u00e0 l’int\u00e9rieur.<\/p>\n

Durant la mar\u00e9e basse, ils s’ouvrent pour permettre l\u2019\u00e9vacuation de l’eau. Ces volets peuvent \u00eatre manipul\u00e9s manuellement pour faire entrer la quantit\u00e9 d’eau souhait\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9rieur des champs.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div>

<\/i><\/i><\/span>Khazan land - agriculture<\/span><\/a><\/h3><\/div>
\n

A typical khazan has a channel connecting with the estuary and inner channels, draining agricultural fields.<\/p>\n

Crops grown in khazan fields currently are mainly salt tolerant varieties of rice. The dykes prevent saline water from coming onto the lands, the sluice gates regulate the flow of saline water, and the canals help in the drainage and circulation of water.<\/p>\n

Women on typical khazan rice fields<\/p>\n

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<\/i><\/i><\/span>Khazan - Production de poisson<\/span><\/a><\/h3><\/div>
\n

The zone immediately upstream the sluice gate, has a depression (\u2018poiem\u2019), acting as a reservoir not only of water, but also of eggs and larvae of the estuarine aquatic fauna. During high tides, fish swim to the less saline water to spawn.<\/p>\n

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\nCatching fish with a gill net<\/em><\/p>\n

The juvenile fish grow in these estuarine waters, which are rich in nutrients due to the organic biomass supplied by the agricultural fields.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

The adult fish that migrates back to more saline waters to be recruited to the adult stock is caught at the sluice gate during dark hours.<\/p>\n

\"\"
\nWhat’s the catch of the cast net?<\/em><\/p>\n

This practice ensures high yield while protecting fish and shrimp. Good-sized crabs can also be caught in traps.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

The importance of the fish in this form of coastal management reconciling different needs is symbolised by local art work.<\/p>\n

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<\/i><\/i><\/span>Khazan - Production de sel par \u00e9vaporation<\/span><\/a><\/h3><\/div>
\n

Some parcels are filled with marine water left to evaporate to collect salt.<\/p>\n

Solar energy, accumulated knowledge and practices tested over time enable collection of enough salt for marketing.<\/p>\n

New publication<\/strong><\/p>\n

A full documentation of this managed coastal ecosystem is published by Springer in the academic\u00a0book by Sangeeta M. Sonak<\/a>, 2014. \u00ab\u00a0Khazan Ecosystems of Goa – Building on Indigenous Solution to Cope with Global Environmental Change\u00a0\u00bb, 137 p.<\/p>\n

\"\"\"\"<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4377,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[94],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6201","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-locean-nous-nourrit"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mundusmaris.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6201","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mundusmaris.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mundusmaris.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mundusmaris.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mundusmaris.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6201"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/www.mundusmaris.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6201\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13431,"href":"https:\/\/www.mundusmaris.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6201\/revisions\/13431"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mundusmaris.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4377"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mundusmaris.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6201"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mundusmaris.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6201"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mundusmaris.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6201"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}